Description

According to the Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) Approach-and-landing Accident Reduction (ALAR) Briefing Note 2.1 — Human Factors, "Effective communication is achieved when our intellectual process for interpreting the information contained in a message accommodates the message being received."

The briefing note summarises the process as follows:

• How do we perceive the message?
• How do we reconstruct the information contained in the message?
• How do we link the information to an objective or to an expectation?
• What amount of bias or error is introduced in the process?

and points out that the "following factors may affect adversely the understanding of communications: